![]() ![]() The strain corrected Williamson−Hall models confirmed that nanoparticles have crystalline defects with a mean size of 2.8−2.9 nm. XRD confirmed that a Pt−Ru solid solution with a 41 at.% Ru is the main crystallographic phase in the electrocatalyst, whereas Pt and Ru oxides appear to be amorphous or very thin. In particular, the proton- and electron-conducting hydrous Ru oxide involved in the electrocatalytic oxidation of CO and methanol is detected. XPS spectra, however, indicate the existence of oxidized Pt and Ru species. TEM and its coupled techniques showed that polyoriented Pt−Ru nanoparticles present an average size of 3.0 ± 0.5 nm with nondetection of metal oxides. ![]() They were exhaustively determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, fast Fourier transform, electron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The NaTaO sub(3) nanoparticles produced using this facile, environmentally friendly 'green process' have better crystallinity, smaller size and higher photocatalytic activity.The structural properties of the nanoparticles of a high-performance commercial unsupported Pt−Ru electrocatalyst with a nominal equiatomic relationship have been studied. The highest photocatalytic H sub(2) production of 1.43 mmol h super(-1) is obtained for a 2.0 mol% La-doped NaTaO sub(3) sample. The optimal content of La super(3+) ions effectively increases crystallinity without agglomeration, contributing to efficient charge separation and preventing recombination between photogenerated electrons and holes. These results indicate La super(3+) ions occupy the Na super(+) ions sites, which agrees very well with the experimental data. The substitution of La super(3+) ions in the NaTaO sub(3) lattice is verified by crystallographic simulation (CaRIne Crystallography version 3.1). ![]() X-ray diffraction and scanning/transmission electron microscopy provide useful information about crystallinity and morphology of the samples. The formation of tantalum-peroxo complexes and their chelation by citric acid enables a better control of crystal growth. In this reaction, TaCl sub(5) is dissolved in aqueous H sub(2)O sub(2) solution to form a stable transparent Ta-peroxo complex solution. Crystalline NaTaO sub(3) nanoparticles doped with different concentrations of La super(3+) have been synthesized via a H sub(2)O sub(2)-assisted sol-gel route. ![]()
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